Hallo,
das mit der Giftspritze ist sarkastisch, aber wahr... Nebenwirkungen beim Citratblock sind nicht von der Hand zu weisen (metallischer geschmack undsoweiter undsoweiter)...Hatten wir ja alles schon.
Aber, habe eben folgende Info von meinem Ansprechpartner bekommen:
Überinstillation von 30% Citrat bei einem Dialysepatienten in der Intensiv Station des Atrium Medisch Zentrums, Holland, --> Folge ein Herzstillstand !
Hier der Text der Veröffentlichung:
Cardiac arrest following injection of concentrated trisodium citrate
C.D. Punt and W.E. Boer
Intensive Care Unit, Atrium Medisch
Centrum, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Sir, – concentrated trisodium citrate (TSC)
has been successfully used as a catheterlocking
solution in hemodialysis, having several
advantages as compared to heparin. The
systemic anticoagulant effects of citrate are
transient and TSC has bactericidal properties
[Ash et al. 2000,Weijmer et al. 2005], thereby
reducing the incidence of catheter-related
bacteremia. Because of this antibacterial activity,
we initiated the use TSC in our intensive
care unit. We report a serious complication
with concentrated trisodium citrate used
as a locking agent for a dialysis catheter.
A 70-year-old female patient was admitted
with a severe hypercalcemia: Ca 5.04
mmol.l–1, Ca-ion 2.63 mmol.l–1. An immobile
tumor in the left breast suggested a malignancy
with ossal metastases as the cause of
the hypercalcemia. Hydration and diuretics
were not effective to lower the serum calcium
level, therefore the patient was admitted to the
intensive care unit for continuous veno-venous
hemofiltration (CVVH) via a 12 Fr 3-lumen
dialysis catheter (Arrow, reading, PA)
inserted in the left femoral vein. During
hemofiltration filter coagulation was prevented
using a continuous infusion of unfractionated
heparin. On the second day
hemofiltration was stopped temporarily because
of filter obstruction. Laboratory results
that moment, Na+ 144 mmol.l–1, K+ 3.6
mmol.l–1, Ca 2.90 mmol.l–1, Ca-ion 1.45
mmol.l–1, Mg2+ 0.63 mmol.l–1, and PO4
3–0.81 mmol.l–1. The patient was in atrial fibrillation,
had a ventricular rate of 118 bpm and a
blood pressure 107/51 mmHg. After disconnection,
the two main ports of the catheter
were flushed with normal saline and filled
with 30%TSC. The whole 5ml ampoule was
used, 2.5 ml for each port. Immediately after
the injection, a period of cardiac arrest occurred,
which lasted 10 seconds. Heart
rhythm returned spontaneously after a short
period of bradycardia with some escape
beats. It was then realized that a similar incident
had occurred the day before, though citrate
was not thought to have been causative
then.
Transient tingling of the fingers and a
“metallic” or strange taste are reported to occur
after the injection of citrate [Ash et al.
2000, Stas et al. 2001]. However, more serious
side effects have also been reported. Two
cases of ventricular fibrillation were described
after discontinuation of hemodialysis
using citrate as anticoagulant. These patients
were not successfully resuscitated until they
received intravenous calcium [Charney and
Salmond 1990]. A second report describes a
cardiac arrest shortly after two 5ml injections
in two lumens of a newly inserted catheter
[FDA 2000].
The volumes of the main catheter ports of
the catheter we used are 1.6 and 1.5 ml, and
are indicated on this catheter. Consequently,
in our patient overinjection of 1.9 ml of 30 %
trisodium citrate had taken place, despite education
in the use of TSC previous to its use.
This surplus volume contains 2.3 mmol citrate,
easily leading to a concentration of > 6
mmol.l–1 passing through the heart. This concentration
can lower the serum calcium level
in such a manner [Polaschegg and Sodemann
2003], that influx of calcium into the myocardium
is impossible.
In conclusion, despite the fact that our patient
was hypercalcemic, a citrate overdose
probably caused a hypocalcemic bolus of
blood, leading to a period of cardiac arrest.
Strict adherence to the appropriate volumes
of the catheter is mandatory.
Correspondence to
C.D. Punt, MD
Intensive Care Unit, Atrium Medisch Centrum,
Postbus 4446, 6401 CX Heerlen,
The Netherlands
cpt01@atriummc.nl
Citrate mit 30% in der Intensiv sind mir allerdings auch neu.... Kenne da eher 100 Einheiten oder 200 Einheiten heparin für port und katheter - systeme. Spülung mit NaCl....